tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-81771736802045335992024-03-13T05:41:11.545-07:00Network TechnologiesMobile,Wireles,Nomadic,Roaming,Network,Lan,Wan,Man,CommunicationSamanyolu Dizisi Online İzlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10761592416544760018noreply@blogger.comBlogger30125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8177173680204533599.post-64364669783697013422008-12-30T10:38:00.000-08:002008-12-30T10:39:17.946-08:00Wireless Sensor NetworkNetwork technologies are developing fastly with this improvements sensor has promoted. <br /><br /> At first all sensor has one connection with host machine, but this method is occurs high cost, configuration management is difficult.<br /><br /> With wireless sensor network, sensors connected with each other and create a network this method is reduce costs and complexity. <br /><br /><br /> They are autonomous devices and monitoring physical or environmental conditions such as:<br /><br /> Temperature<br /> Sound<br /> Vibration <br /> Pressure <br /> Motion <br /> <br /> Sensor network is typically equipped with radio transceiver or other wireless communications device, a small microcontroller, an energy source, usually a battery. <br /><br /> The cost of sensor nodes is similarly variable, hundreds of dollars to a few cents, depending on the size, weight, energy consumption, sensitivity, speed and bandwidth.<br /><br /><br /> The development of wireless sensor networks was originally for military applications such as battlefield surveillance. <br /><br /> However, wireless sensor networks are now used in many civilian application areas, including environment and habitat monitoring, healthcare applications, home automation, and traffic control.Samanyolu Dizisi Online İzlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10761592416544760018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8177173680204533599.post-52119018483652561372008-12-30T10:22:00.000-08:002008-12-30T10:23:16.865-08:00Satellite-Related Terms<span style="font-weight:bold;">Earth Stations –</span> antenna systems on or near earth<br /> <span style="font-weight:bold;">Uplink –</span> transmission from an earth station to a satellite<br /> <span style="font-weight:bold;">Downlink –</span> transmission from a satellite to an earth station<br /> <span style="font-weight:bold;">Transponder – </span>electronics in the satellite that convert uplink signals to downlink signalsSamanyolu Dizisi Online İzlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10761592416544760018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8177173680204533599.post-76147995929471814212008-12-30T10:20:00.000-08:002008-12-30T10:22:07.268-08:00Mobile Switching Center (MSC) Databases<span style="font-weight:bold;">Home location register (HLR) database – </span>stores information about each subscriber that belongs to it<br /> <span style="font-weight:bold;">Visitor location register (VLR) database – </span>maintains information about subscribers currently physically in the region <br /> <span style="font-weight:bold;">Authentication center database (AuC) – </span>used for authentication activities, holds encryption keys<br /> <span style="font-weight:bold;">Equipment identity register database (EIR) –</span> keeps track of the type of equipment that exists at the mobile stationSamanyolu Dizisi Online İzlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10761592416544760018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8177173680204533599.post-52734330658100969372008-12-30T10:18:00.000-08:002008-12-30T10:19:53.343-08:00Cellular Systems Terms<span style="font-style:italic;"> Base Station (BS) – includes an antenna, a controller, and a number of receivers<br /> Mobile telecommunications switching office (MTSO) – connects calls between mobile units<br /> Two types of channels available between mobile unit and BS</span><br /> -Control channels – used to exchange information having to do with setting up and maintaining calls<br /> -Traffic channels – carry voice or data connection between usersSamanyolu Dizisi Online İzlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10761592416544760018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8177173680204533599.post-15420815734912796432008-12-30T10:16:00.000-08:002008-12-30T10:17:47.306-08:00IEEE 802.11a and IEEE 802.11b<span style="font-weight:bold;">IEEE 802.11a</span><br /> -Makes use of 5-GHz band<br /> -Provides rates of 6, 9 , 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 Mbps<br /> -Uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)<br /> -Subcarrier modulated using BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM or 64-QAM<br /> <span style="font-weight:bold;">IEEE 802.11b</span><br /> -Provides data rates of 5.5 and 11 Mbps<br /> -Complementary code keying (CCK) modulation schemeSamanyolu Dizisi Online İzlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10761592416544760018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8177173680204533599.post-23668162040824011892008-12-30T10:14:00.000-08:002008-12-30T10:15:31.053-08:00IEEE 802.11 Architecture<span style="font-style:italic;"> Distribution system (DS)<br /> Access point (AP)<br /> Basic service set (BSS)</span><br /> -Stations competing for access to shared wireless medium<br /> -Isolated or connected to backbone DS through AP<br /> <span style="font-style:italic;">Extended service set (ESS)</span><br /> -Two or more basic service sets interconnected by DSSamanyolu Dizisi Online İzlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10761592416544760018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8177173680204533599.post-70079390202193255622008-12-30T10:13:00.001-08:002008-12-30T10:13:56.169-08:00Differences between LLC and HDLCLLC uses asynchronous balanced mode of operation of HDLC (type 2 operation)<br /> LLC supports unacknowledged connectionless service (type 1 operation)<br /> LLC supports acknowledged connectionless service (type 3 operation)<br /> LLC permits multiplexing by the use of LLC service access points (LSAPs)Samanyolu Dizisi Online İzlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10761592416544760018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8177173680204533599.post-23374975917912046622008-12-30T10:07:00.000-08:002008-12-30T10:08:55.331-08:00LLC Services<span style="font-weight:bold;"> Unacknowledged connectionless service</span><br /> No flow- and error-control mechanisms<br /> Data delivery not guaranteed<br /> <span style="font-weight:bold;"> Connection-mode service</span><br /> Logical connection set up between two users<br /> Flow- and error-control provided<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"> Acknowledged connectionless service</span><br /> Cross between previous two<br /> Datagrams acknowledged<br /> No prior logical setupSamanyolu Dizisi Online İzlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10761592416544760018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8177173680204533599.post-56252920897719888782008-12-30T10:04:00.000-08:002008-12-30T10:06:46.161-08:00MAC Frame Format<span style="font-weight:bold;">MAC control</span><br /> Contains Mac protocol information<br /> <span style="font-weight:bold;">Destination MAC address</span><br /> Destination physical attachment point<br /> <span style="font-weight:bold;">Source MAC address</span><br /> Source physical attachment point<br /> <span style="font-weight:bold;">CRC</span><br /> Cyclic redundancy checkSamanyolu Dizisi Online İzlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10761592416544760018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8177173680204533599.post-56920080443584602372008-12-30T10:03:00.000-08:002008-12-30T10:04:22.229-08:00Separation of LLC and MACThe logic required to manage access to a shared-access medium not found in traditional layer 2 data link control<br /> For the same LLC, several MAC options may be providedSamanyolu Dizisi Online İzlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10761592416544760018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8177173680204533599.post-52862792856723602772008-12-30T10:01:00.000-08:002008-12-30T10:02:59.944-08:00Internetworking TermsCommunication network – facility that provides a data transfer service among devices attached to the network<br /> Internet – collection of communication networks, interconnected by bridges/routers<br /> Intranet – internet used by an organization for internal purposes<br /> -Provides key Internet applications<br /> -Can exist as an isolated, self-contained internet<br /><br /> End System (ES) – device used to support end-user applications or services<br /> Intermediate System (IS) – device used to connect two networks<br /> Bridge – an IS used to connect two LANs that use similar LAN protocols<br /> Router - an IS used to connect two networks that may or may not be similarSamanyolu Dizisi Online İzlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10761592416544760018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8177173680204533599.post-57871088072885569392008-12-30T09:58:00.000-08:002008-12-30T10:01:32.809-08:00Layers of the OSI Model<span style="font-weight:bold;"> Application<br /> Presentation<br /> Session<br /> Transport<br /> Network<br /> Data link<br /> Physical</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">OSI Application Layer</span><br /> Provides access to the OSI environment for users<br /> Provides distributed information services<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">OSI Presentation Layer</span><br /> Provides independence to the application processes from differences in data representation (syntax)<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">OSI Session Layer</span><br /> Provides the control structure for communication between applications<br /> Establishes, manages, and terminates connections (sessions) between cooperating applications<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">OSI Transport Layer</span><br /> Provides reliable, transparent transfer of data between end points<br /> Provides end-to-end error recovery and flow control<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">OSI Network Layer</span><br /> Provides upper layers with independence from the data transmission and switching technologies used to connect systems<br /> Responsible for establishing, maintaining, and terminating connections<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">OSI Data link Layer</span><br /> Provides for the reliable transfer of information across the physical link<br /> Sends blocks (frames) with the necessary synchronization, error control, and flow control<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">OSI Physical Layer</span><br /> Concerned with transmission of unstructured bit stream over physical medium<br /> Deals with accessing the physical medium<br /> Mechanical characteristics<br /> Electrical characteristics<br /> Functional characteristics<br /> Procedural characteristicsSamanyolu Dizisi Online İzlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10761592416544760018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8177173680204533599.post-87291185486228878762008-12-30T09:40:00.000-08:002008-12-30T09:44:54.446-08:00TCP/IP Layers<span style="font-weight:bold;"> Physical layer<br /> Network access layer<br /> Internet layer<br /> Host-to-host, or transport layer<br /> Application layer</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">TCP/IP Physical Layer</span><br /> Covers the physical interface between a data transmission device and a transmission medium or network<br /> Physical layer specifies:<br /> Characteristics of the transmission medium<br /> The nature of the signals<br /> The data rate<br /> Other related matters<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">TCP/IP Network Access Layer</span><br /> Concerned with the exchange of data between an end system and the network to which it's attached<br /> Software used depends on type of network<br /> Circuit switching<br /> Packet switching (e.g., X.25)<br /> LANs (e.g., Ethernet)<br /> Others<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">TCP/IP Internet Layer</span><br /> Uses internet protocol (IP)<br /> Provides routing functions to allow data to traverse multiple interconnected networks<br /> Implemented in end systems and routers<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Transport Layer</span><br /> Commonly uses transmission control protocol (tcp)<br /> Provides reliability during data exchange<br /> Completeness<br /> Order<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">TCP/IP Application Layer</span><br /> Logic supports user applications<br /> Uses separate modules that are peculiar to each different type of applicationSamanyolu Dizisi Online İzlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10761592416544760018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8177173680204533599.post-89681264699309755212008-12-30T09:35:00.000-08:002008-12-30T09:37:13.276-08:00Categories of NoiseThermal Noise<br /> Intermodulation noise<br /> Crosstalk<br /> Impulse Noise<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Thermal Noise</span><br /><br /> Thermal noise due to agitation of electrons<br /> Present in all electronic devices and transmission media<br /> Cannot be eliminated<br /> Function of temperature<br /> Particularly significant for satellite communicationSamanyolu Dizisi Online İzlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10761592416544760018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8177173680204533599.post-30347055367720108042008-12-30T09:34:00.000-08:002008-12-30T09:35:40.246-08:00Types of Antennas<span style="font-weight:bold;">Isotropic antenna (idealized)</span><br /> Radiates power equally in all directions<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"> Dipole antennas</span><br /> Half-wave dipole antenna (or Hertz antenna)<br /> Quarter-wave vertical antenna (or Marconi antenna)<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"> Parabolic Reflective Antenna</span>Samanyolu Dizisi Online İzlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10761592416544760018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8177173680204533599.post-57741278521428355452008-12-30T07:24:00.000-08:002008-12-30T07:26:02.300-08:00Differences between LANs and WANs<span style="font-weight:bold;">Scope of a LAN is smaller</span><br /> LAN interconnects devices within a single building or cluster of buildings<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"> LAN usually owned by organization that owns the attached devices</span><br /> For WANs, most of network assets are not owned by same organization<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"> Internal data rate of LAN is much greater</span>Samanyolu Dizisi Online İzlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10761592416544760018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8177173680204533599.post-84760055096461951462008-12-30T07:22:00.000-08:002008-12-30T07:23:56.557-08:00Characteristics of LANs<span style="font-style:italic;">Like WAN, LAN interconnects a variety of devices and provides a means for information exchange among them</span><br /> <span style="font-style:italic;">Traditional LANs</span><br /> Provide data rates of 1 to 20 Mbps<br /><span style="font-style:italic;"> High-speed LANS</span><br /> Provide data rates of 100 Mbps to 1 GbpsSamanyolu Dizisi Online İzlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10761592416544760018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8177173680204533599.post-29470444775828036612008-12-30T07:20:00.000-08:002008-12-30T07:22:52.684-08:00Characteristics of WANs<span style="font-style:italic;"> Covers large geographical areas</span><br /> <span style="font-style:italic;"> Circuits provided by a common carrier</span><br /><span style="font-style:italic;"> Consists of interconnected switching nodes</span><br /> <span style="font-style:italic;"> Traditional WANs provide modest capacity</span><br /> 64000 bps common<br /> Business subscribers using T-1 service – 1.544<br />Mbps common<br /><span style="font-style:italic;"> Higher-speed WANs use optical fiber and transmission technique known as asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)</span><br /> 10s and 100s of Mbps commonSamanyolu Dizisi Online İzlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10761592416544760018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8177173680204533599.post-19570587253241502442008-12-30T07:19:00.000-08:002008-12-30T07:20:31.400-08:00Types of Communication Networks<span style="font-weight:bold;"> Traditional</span><br /> Traditional local area network (LAN)<br /> Traditional wide area network (WAN)<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;"> Higher-speed</span><br /> High-speed local area network (LAN)<br /> Metropolitan area network (MAN)<br /> High-speed wide area network (WAN)Samanyolu Dizisi Online İzlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10761592416544760018noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8177173680204533599.post-31922543317998155532008-12-30T07:15:00.000-08:002008-12-30T07:18:31.160-08:00Time-Domain Concepts<div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;">- Analog signal - signal intensity varies in a smooth fashion over time</span></div><div> No breaks or discontinuities in the signal</div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"> - Digital signal - signal intensity maintains a constant level for some period of time and then changes to another constant level</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;">- Periodic signal - analog or digital signal pattern that repeats over time</span></div><div> s(t +T ) = s(t ) -¥<><div> where T is the period of the signal</div><div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"> - Aperiodic signal - analog or digital signal pattern that doesn't repeat over time</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;">- Peak amplitude (A) - maximum value or strength of the signal over time; typically measured in volts</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"> - Frequency (f )</span></div><div> Rate, in cycles per second, or Hertz (Hz) at which</div><div>the signal repeats</div><div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"> - Period (T ) - amount of time it takes for one repetition of the signal</span></div><div> T = 1/f</div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"> - Phase (f) - measure of the relative position in time within a single period of a signal</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: bold;"> - Wavelength (l) - distance occupied by a single cycle of the signal</span></div><div> Or, the distance between two points of corresponding phase of two consecutive cycles</div></div></div>Samanyolu Dizisi Online İzlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10761592416544760018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8177173680204533599.post-85593487707837273932008-12-30T07:11:00.000-08:002008-12-30T07:14:21.305-08:00Transmission Fundamentals, Analog and Digital Data, Channel Capacity, Multiplexing<h1 style="margin-left:0cm;text-indent:0cm"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;">Transmission Fundamentals, Analog and Digital Data, Channel Capacity, Multiplexing<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 24px; "><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""><span style="mso-list:Ignore"></span></span></span></span></h1><h1 style="margin-left:0cm;text-indent:0cm"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 24px; "><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span>Transmission Fundamentals,</span></span></h1> <p class="MsoNormal">First thing we will examine is the description of radio signals or the electromagnetic signal.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">What is radio signal?</p> <p class="MsoNormal">It is a function of time and frequency</p> <p class="MsoNormal">This means there is a signal and this signal changes with frequency and time.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">There is analog and digital signal.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Analog signal: no break or discontinuity, signal varies in a smooth fashion</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Digital signal: signal intensity maintains a constant level for some period, and then changes to another constant level. Imagine 1 and 0 s.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Periodic signal: analog or digital signal pattern that repeats over time.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Aperiodic signal: doesn’t repeat over time</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Peak amplitude: maximum value or strength of the signal</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Frequency: rate, cycles per second, Hertz (Hz)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Period: amount of time it takes for one repetition of the signal</p> <p class="MsoNormal">T=1/f</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Phase: measure of the relative position in time within a single period of a signal.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Wavelength: distance occupied by a single cycle of the signal.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Drawings and mathlab examples:</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">t=0:0.01:1;</p> <p class="MsoNormal">x=2*pi*t+0;</p> <p class="MsoNormal">plot(t,sin(x)), grid on</p> <p class="MsoNormal">>><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>t=0:0.01:1;</p> <p class="MsoNormal">x=2*pi*t+0;</p> <p class="MsoNormal">plot(t,2*sin(x)), grid on</p> <p class="MsoNormal">>><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>t=0:0.01:1;</p> <p class="MsoNormal">x=2*pi*2*t+0;</p> <p class="MsoNormal">plot(t,2*sin(x)), grid on</p> <p class="MsoNormal">>><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>t=0:0.01:1;</p> <p class="MsoNormal">x=2*pi*0.5*t+0;</p> <p class="MsoNormal">plot(t,2*sin(x)), grid on</p> <p class="MsoNormal">>><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>t=0:0.01:4;</p> <p class="MsoNormal">x=2*pi*0.25*t+0;</p> <p class="MsoNormal">plot(t,sin(x)), grid on</p> <p class="MsoNormal">>> t=0:0.01:4;</p> <p class="MsoNormal">x=2*pi*0.25*t+90;</p> <p class="MsoNormal">plot(t,sin(x)), grid on</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-indent:0cm"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.2<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span>Analog and Digital Data, </h2> <p class="MsoNormal">Analog: video, audio</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Digital: text, integers </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Analog signal: coninuously varying electromgnetic wave, can propogate analog and digital data</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Digital signal: a sequence of voltage pulses, cheaper than analog signaling, less susceptiple to noise, suffer from attenuation..</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Digital signals can propagate analog and digital data</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Analog transmission---attenuation limits length of transmission link, amplifiers increase ranges..analog data can tolerate distortion, but digital data intruduces errors...</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Digital transmission---attenuation endangers integrity of data, repeaters achieve greater distance, repeaters recover the signal and transmit</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-indent:0cm"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.3<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span>Channel Capacity, </h2> <p class="MsoNormal">the maximum data rate transmitted over a communication path, or channel.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Concepts:</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Data rate: rate (bits per second)</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Bandwidth: bandwidth of the transmitted signal constrained by the transmitter and the nature of the transmission medium. (hertz)</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Noise: </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Error rate: </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-indent:0cm"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.4<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span>Transmission media</h2> <p class="MsoNormal">Guided: wired—copper, fiber, coaxiel cables</p> <p class="MsoNormal">unguided media---wireless transmission, antennas, directional, omnidirectional</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <h2 style="margin-left:0cm;text-indent:0cm"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""><span style="mso-list:Ignore">1.5<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman""> </span></span></span>Multiplexing</h2> <p class="MsoNormal">Carrying multiple signals on a single medium.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">More efficient use of transmission medium</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p> <p class="MsoNormal">FDM –frequency-division multiplexing</p> <p class="MsoNormal">TDM—time-division multiplexing</p>Samanyolu Dizisi Online İzlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10761592416544760018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8177173680204533599.post-9509401842746743402008-12-30T07:10:00.000-08:002008-12-30T07:11:05.546-08:00Protocols and the TCP/IP Protocol Suite<div>Protocol architecture</div><div> Overview of TCP/IP</div><div>Open systems interconnection (OSI) reference model</div><div>Internetworking</div>Samanyolu Dizisi Online İzlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10761592416544760018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8177173680204533599.post-65454776477689569612008-12-30T07:09:00.000-08:002008-12-30T07:10:12.405-08:00Communication Networks<div><div>Comparison of basic communication network technologies</div><div> - Circuit switching</div><div> - Packet switching</div><div> - Frame relay</div><div> - ATM</div></div>Samanyolu Dizisi Online İzlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10761592416544760018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8177173680204533599.post-89024763862695641362008-12-30T07:07:00.000-08:002008-12-30T07:08:52.407-08:00Transmission Fundamentals<div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic; ">Basic overview of transmission topics</span><br /></div><div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"> Data communications concepts</span></div><div> - Includes techniques of analog and digital data transmission</div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"> Channel capacity</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"> Transmission media</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"> Multiplexing</span></div></div>Samanyolu Dizisi Online İzlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10761592416544760018noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8177173680204533599.post-79964965440301394212008-12-30T07:05:00.000-08:002008-12-30T07:07:10.623-08:00Limitations and Difficulties of Wireless Technologies<div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"> Wireless is convenient and less expensive</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"> Limitations and political and technical difficulties inhibit wireless technologies</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"> Lack of an industry-wide standard</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"> Device limitations</span></div><div> E.g., small LCD on a mobile telephone can only</div><div>displaying a few lines of text</div><div> E.g., browsers of most mobile wireless devices use</div><div>wireless markup language (WML) instead of HTML</div><div><br /></div><div><div>Background</div><div> Provides preview and context for rest of</div><div>book</div><div> Covers basic topics</div><div> Data Communications</div><div> TCP/IP</div></div>Samanyolu Dizisi Online İzlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10761592416544760018noreply@blogger.com0